Mechanisms by which mastitis affects reproduction in dairy cow: a review

Reproductive performance is a key factor in determining the profitability of dairy farm, which is affected by many factors such as environment and diseases. Mastitis is a common and important disease, which has caused huge economic losses to the dairy industries worldwide. Mammary gland infection causes immune responses, resulting in the abnormal secretion of cytokines and hormones and abnormal function of the reproductive system such as the ovary, corpus luteum, uterus, and embryo. Cows with mastitis have delayed estrus, decreased pregnancy rate, and increased risk of abortion. The adverse effects of mastitis on reproductive performance are affected by many factors, such as occurrence time, pathogen, and cow factors. This paper primarily reviews the progress in the effects and mechanisms of mastitis on reproductive performance, with emphasis on maternal transcriptome, genomic analysis, epigenetic modification, microbiota, inflammatory regulation, and immune evasion mechanism of mastitis, aiming to provide directions for the prevention and control of mastitis in the future.