Measurement of the sound produced by a tipping trough with fresh and salt water

Recent experiments confirm the production of sound by breaking waves at lower frequencies (30 to 500 Hz) with a dipole characteristic. The noise produced has a broadband characteristic associated with the impact and subsequent sounds that have discrete spectral characteristics. Breaking waves are known to produce bubble plumes and bubble clouds; the dynamic evolution of which provides a mechanism for sound production. Since the initial plume and cloud have appreaciable void fractions, compressible resonant oscillations of these structures as a whole or in parts are possible. These bubble plumes would act as compact acoustic monopole sources of sound and due to the pressure release surface would have an effective dipole characteristic. Sufficient energy exists in the initial breaking vorticity and turbulence to excite these regions and to explain measured source levels. These effects have been simulated with a tipping trough experiment that demonstrates the production of low‐frequency sound from salt and fresh water tipping trough events. These experimental results are shown to be consistent with the theory of sound radiation from the collective oscillations of bubble plumes.