Tier-scrubbing: an adaptive and tiered disk scrubbing scheme with improved MTTD and reduced cost

Sector errors are a common type of error in modern disks. A sector error that occurs during I/O operations might cause inaccessibility of an application. Even worse, it could result in permanent data loss if the data is being reconstructed, and thereby severely affects the reliability of a storage system. Many disk scrubbing schemes have been proposed to solve this problem. However, existing approaches have several limitations. First, schemes use machine learning (ML) to predict latent sector errors (LSEs), but only leverage a single snapshot of training data to make a prediction, and thereby ignore sequential dependencies between different statuses of a hard disk over time. Second, they accelerate the scrubbing at a fixed rate based on the results of a binary classification model, which may result in unnecessary increases in scrubbing cost. Third, they naively accelerate the scrubbing of the full disk which has LSEs based on the predictive results, but neglect partial high-risk areas (the areas that have a higher probability of encountering LSEs). Lastly, they do not employ strategies to scrub these high-risk areas in advance based on I/O accesses patterns, in order to further increase the efficiency of scrubbing.