Children with sickle cell anemia and APOL1 genetic variants develop albuminuria early in life

Individuals with sickle cell anemia (SCA) often have kidney damage. Approximately 25% of infants exhibit hyposthenuria, 10-30% of adolescents progress to albuminuria, and up to 20% of adults have albuminuria and progressive renal insufficiency, defined as a creatinine clearance of <90 mL/min, or