Effect of dopamine D4 receptor agonists on sleep architecture in rats.

Dopamine plays a key role in the regulation of sleep–wake states, as revealed by the observation that dopamine-releasing agents such as methylphenidate have wake-promoting effects. However, the precise mechanisms for the wake-promoting effect produced by the enhancement of dopamine transmission are not fully understood. Although dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors are known to have differential effects on sleep architecture, the role of D4 receptors (D4Rs), and particularly the influence of D4R activation on the sleep–wake state, has not been studied so far. In this study, we investigated for the first time the effects of two structurally different D4R agonists, Ro 10-5824 and A-412997, on the sleep–wake states in rats. We found that both D4R agonists generally increased waking duration, and conversely, reduced non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep duration in rats. The onset of NREM sleep was also generally delayed. However, only the A-412997 agonist (but not the Ro 10-5824) influenced rapid eye movement sleep onset and duration. Furthermore, these effects were accompanied with an enhancement of EEG spectral power in the theta and the gamma bands. Our results suggest the involvement of dopamine D4R in the regulation of sleep–wake states. The activation of the D4R could enhance the arousal states as revealed by the behavioral and electrophysiological patterns in this study. Dopamine D4R may contribute to the arousal effects of dopamine-releasing agents such as methylphenidate.