Environmental factors impacting the disparity rate in hydrochemical pollution under industrial urban centers and intensified agriculture

Innovative methods are vital to protect groundwater when a nexus of factors is intermixed to control the quality, particularly in the arid industrial urban centers located in intensified agriculture. The research introduces the first insights of the hydrochemical pollution patterns, and their controlling factors focused on combined spatiotemporal statistical, P-spline modeling, and the trends identification of Mann–Kendall and Theil–Sen. Guidelines for the shallow groundwater of the Nile Delta aquifer (Egypt) were exceeded for total alkalinity, Al3+, Pb2+, Fe2+, total dissolved solids, Cd2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and pH, in decreasing order. Exceedance of the allowable limit of pollutants varied considerably between districts. Among the 55 sites, major degradation patterns were identified TDS, Fe2+, total alkalinity, Al3+, pH, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cr2+, NO−3, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+, in decreasing order. Deteriorations marked the heavily inhabited areas with expansive quantities of organic and inorganic contaminants and elevated heavy metal loads from industrial and domestic untreated wastewater besides the roadside emission and exhaust and from diffuse drainage flow into the dense network of drains and canals serving the agriculture. Density of roads contributed significantly to the elevated rates of Cu2+, Zn2+, Cr2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Fe2+, in decreasing order. Irrigation canals density controlled total alkalinity, TDS, Cu2+, and Mn2+. Density of drains strongly affected the rate, mean and maximum contents of Fe2+ and Mn2+, the mean value of Cu2+, and the mean and maximum values of Al3+.