Electrorotation as a Versatile Tool to Estimate Dielectric Properties of Multi-scale Biological Samples: from Single Cell to Spheroid Analysis

The possibility to use the electric field as a way to interact with the cell or tissue has recently led to many applications in research laboratories and industry: gene therapy, tumour treatment, electrochemiotherapy, cell fusion, cancer diagnosis and characterization of biological tissues. Among the AC electrokinetic techniques, the electrorotation allows identification of the dielectric properties of analysed bio-samples (single prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell, algae, or cell assemblies like spheroids) through the analysis of their rotational velocity when immersed within a rotating electric field.