Enhanced efficiency in organic solar cells via in situ fabricated p-type copper sulfide as the hole transporting layer

Abstract In this article, we in situ fabricated copper sulfide (CuS) on fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) substrate using a low temperature and low cost hydrothermal method and then organic solar cells (OSCs) were fabricated by using a thin layer of CuS film as hole transporting layer (HTL). Our CuS films, consisting of two-dimensional (2D) intersected hexagonal nanosheets, are stoichiometric and show p-type electrical conductivity, a good transparency and a high hole mobility. The Fermi level, valence and conduction band energies for CuS HTL are characterized in detail through photoelectron spectroscopy studies. The small energy barrier between the valance band of CuS and the HOMO of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the high hole mobility and electrical conductivity of CuS nanosheet film benefit for the hole transporting. Therefore, CuS HTL to OSCs results in a power conversion efficiency of 3.4% with P3HT and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the active layer, which is a 13.3% increase in performance than devices with a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) HTL. Therefore, low-cost, environmental friendly and stable CuS is an appropriate choice for hole transporting materials (HTMs) in OSCs.