Analysis of intrinsic properties of Li4Ti5O12 using single-particle technique

Abstract Attractive electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries originate primarily from the lithium-ion diffusion behavior in the crystal lattice. Therefore, it is extremely important to understand the inherent material properties that are favorable for superior kinetic performance. Here we report on the intrinsic electrochemical properties of LTO without the influence of inactive electrode components (e.g., binder, conductive agent) using single-particle measurement technique. Electrochemical analysis revealed an exceptionally high rate capability of a single LTO particle compared to the conventional LTO-based electrode. In particular, a single LTO particle demonstrates capacity retention of 88% even at 440 C-rate, while conventional LTO-based electrode shows a two-fold decrease in capacity at 30 C-rate, though it is temperature dependent. Particular attention is paid to determine the correlation of phase transition behavior in a single LTO particle with activation energies of exchange current (io), charge transfer resistance (Rct) at the electrode/electrolyte interface, and diffusivity (D) of lithium-ion in the lattice obtained by single-particle measurement technique.