Biological Control in Citrus in Spain: From Classical to Conservation Biological Control

The status of citrus pests management in Spain and of biological control, including classical biological control strategies, is reviewed. The augmentative versus inoculation-based control, and the use of invertebrate biological control agents in citrus orchards and nurseries are described. Fortuitous and conservation biocontrol strategies, as well as exploitation of resident species, either native or naturalized, are discussed. Pesticide side-effect testing on natural enemies, presence of alternative hosts and use of banker plants are described, together with ground cover mangement strategies.