ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY ON THE MONONUCLEAR RESPONSE TO ORTHOPAEDIC WEAR DEBRIS.

The current long term results of total joint arthroplasty are limited by mechanical wear of the implants with an associated immune mediated bone lysis with subsequent loosening and eventual failure. It has been demonstrated that the osteolysis seen in cases of aseptic loosening is mediated by the immune system, particularly, both directly and indirectly, by activated macrophages. Macrophages indirectly cause osteolysis through release of the osteoclast activating cytokines: TNFα, IL-1 and PGE2 and also directly resorb bone in small amounts when activated by wear particles. We wished to determine if macrophage activation and the release of osteolytic cytokines in response to orthopaedic wear debris could be suppressed pharmacologically, with the use of anti-inflammatory and anti oxidant agents. We utilised established cell culture models of both peripherally derived monocyte/macrophages and lymphocyte enriched co-cultures and examined the effects of polymethylmethacrylate particles alone on the cells in culture. The effects of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents (dexamethasone, diclofenac and n-acetyl cysteine) in varying concentrations were then examined using ELISA of cytokine release and electron microscopy to examine ultra structural responses. Cell viability was also measured in cultures over 24 hour periods (at 6, 12 and 24 hours) using Trypan blue exclusion and Coulter counter, while cell type and morphology were determined cytologically, including α-naphthyl acetate esterase cytochemical identification and electron microscopy. The use of N-acetyl cysteine was associated with very significant suppression of TNFα, IL-1β and PGE2 in both macrophage and lymphocyte enriched co-culture with no effect on cell viability. While diclofenac was also associated with significant decreases in cytokine expression it was associated with a decrease in cell viability that approached significance. Dexamethasone did not have a reliable effect on these cytokines. Ultra-structural electron microscopic examination of the cells also demonstrated signs of definite down-regulation of cytoplasmic and nuclear activation. We have demonstrated, therefore, that novel anti-oxidant therapies and possibly other immune modulating drugs can eliminate the activation of macrophages in response to peri-prosthetic wear particles without any associated decrease in cell viability and thus may provide a means of reducing the incidence of loosening and failure of total joint arthroplasty.