Fluidic Lens of Floating Water Using Intermediate Hydrophilic Layer Based on Electrowetting

This letter presents a liquid lens that uses an electrowetting principle while also employing a floating lens between actuating fluids. The lens shape is a double-sided curved surface, and it has powerful optical properties, showing a focal length of 12.6 mm with a 2 mm aperture diameter, and operating with a bias voltage 0-60 V. The lens has shown mechanical reliability sufficient to hold a floating shape that is robust against vibration of 200 RPM. An image seen through the lens can resolve an element better than 5.65 LP/mm on the USAF 1951 1x standard.