Geographical differences in sex-specific foraging behaviour and diet during the breeding season in the opportunistic Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus)

Sexual segregation in feeding strategies has been widely reported in seabirds. Most seabirds occupy wide breeding distributional ranges, and dissimilar ecological settings may result in distinct environmental pressures on males and females leading to geographical differences in sexual segregation. Using GPS loggers and stable isotope analysis of whole blood (δ15N, δ13C), we assessed the occurrence of sexual differences in Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) foraging trip parameters, habitat use, isotopic niche and diet during the incubation period at three breeding locations in Argentina characterized by different foraging contexts. At Islote Arroyo Jabali Este, sexual differences were found in trip parameters and habitat use mainly associated with a significantly higher use by males of a refuse dump as foraging site. However, their isotopic niches were similar with both sexes consuming mostly recreational fish waste, suggesting it was mainly obtained by males at the dump and by females at shoreline areas used by fishers. At Punta Tombo, there were no sex differences in trip parameters nor in the main prey consumed consisting of fishery discards, although females used more shoreline areas and males presented a significantly larger isotopic niche width. In contrast, at Isla Vernaci Este, males and females showed similar trip parameters, habitat use, and isotopic niche width and diet composition. Results show geographical differences in the degree of sexual segregation, which may result from differences in the availability of local food resources, particularly anthropogenic food subsidies.