Evidence that the MEK/ERK but not the PI3K/Akt pathway is required for protection from myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury by 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavonol

The novel pro drug of 3'4'-dihydroxyflavonol, NP202, potently reduces myocardial infarct size resulting from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) through mechanisms that remain to be fully defined. In this study, we investigated whether cardioprotection induced by NP202 depended on activation of the reperfusion injury survival kinase (RISK) pathways. We therefore examined the effects of PD98059 and LY294002, specific inhibitors of the MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways, respectively. In isolated cardiomyocytes, H(2)O(2)induced oxidative stress activated ERK1/2 and this was further enhanced by DiOHF, the active parent compound of NP202. Although oxidative stress did not stimulate Ala in carcliomyocytes, co-treatment with DiOHF substantially increased Alit phosphorylation. This suggests that DiOHF is a potent modulator of RISK pathways specifically in the context of stress stimulation. In anesthetised sheep, Following 1 h ischemia and 3 h reperfusion, the contribution of the RISK pathways to NP202-mediated cardioprotection was determined by treating the animals with PD98059, LY294002 or vehicle prior to NP202 administration and reperfusion. Infarct size, as a percentage of the area-at-risk, was substantially reduced by NP202 (from 78 +/- 6 to 46 +/- 4%, P < 0.05). Inhibition of MEKIERK1/2 abolished the cardioprotective effects of NP202 (infarct size 81 +/- 4%), whereas inhibition of PI3K/Akt had no effect (infarct size 53 4%). Our combined cellular and animal studies indicate that NP202 potently protects against myocardial PR injury through complex mechanisms that involved augmentation of MEK/ERKI/2 signaling, but not PI3K/Akt signaling.