Sex as an independent risk factor for long-term survival after endovascular aneurysm repair

Abstract Background Several vascular surgical procedures, including repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), show poorer outcomes for women than for men. We evaluated the impact of sex-based demographic differences on survival after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods We reviewed EVARs performed at our institution between 2003 and 2009 and assessed aortic neck variables (length, diameter, angulation, and calcification), iliac artery variables (length, tortuosity, angulation, and calcification), and AAA diameter. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between sex and 5-year mortality while adjusting for patients' demographics, comorbidities, anatomic variables, and AAA parameters. The final model adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, hypertension, iliac artery length, and aortic neck length. Results Of 336 patients, 278 were male (mean age, 73 years) and 58 were female (mean age, 77 years; P  = .0005). Men had more coronary artery bypass grafts (79 vs 8; P  = .02) and percutaneous coronary interventions (52 vs 4; P  = .03) than women did. Significant differences between the sexes was seen for aortic neck angle, diameter, and length and for iliac artery diameter and length. Men (44%) were more likely than women (22%; P  = .0002) to have EVAR performed within the device guidelines. Five-year survival was 73% in men and 49% in women. Multivariable analysis showed that female sex, increase in age, low body mass index ( 2 ), and aortic neck length were significantly associated with risk of 5-year mortality. Conclusions Women presented at an older age and with a more hostile anatomy. They had reduced survival compared with men after EVAR. After controlling for comorbidities and aortic neck and iliac artery anatomy, sex remained an independent predictor for survival.