Frequent alterations of Smad signaling in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: a tissue microarray analysis.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) ranks as the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide. HNSCC cell lines are typically refractory to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated cell cycle arrest. A number of these cell lines carry inactivating mutations of the TGF-β type II (TβR-II) receptor, and fail to phosphorylate receptor-associated Smads, Smad2 and Smad3. In addition, we identified several intragenic mutations of the TβR-I gene in a small series of metastatic HNSCC specimens, suggesting that disruptions of TGF-β signaling might contribute to the development and progression of HNSCC. To test this idea, we have now embarked on a larger scale analysis of the patterns of expression and activation of Smads in 170 HNSCC specimens assembled in tissue microarrays. Smad2 protein was expressed by 99% (95% CI: 96-100%) of tumors. The activated form of Smad2, pSmad2, was expressed in 86% (95% CI: 80-91%) of HNSCC, indicating their ability to survive and proliferate in spite of the presence of bioactive TGF-β within the tissue microenvironment. In the 24 remaining cases (14%; 95% CI: 9-20%), pSmad2 was not detected in the tumor cells, although it was expressed by surrounding stromal cells and capillaries. In addition, 38 tumors (22%; 95% CI: 16-29%) failed to express Smad4 protein. Thus, we found evidence of loss of TGF-β/Smad signaling in approximately 15-20% of HNSCC specimens, which is consistent with the phenotype of established human SCC lines. Moreover, we found that these Smad signaling defects were associated with a greater tendency for metastatic spread and regional or distant recurrence of HNSCC. These results indicate that inactivation of TGF-β/Smad signaling occurs frequently in HNSCC and might have an adverse effect on patient outcome.