Comparison of g23 gene sequence diversity between Novosphingobium and Sphingomonas phages and phage communities in the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field

Abstract Our previous study indicated that the diversity of the major capsid gene ( g23 ) of T4-type bacteriophages (phages) of Novosphingobium and Sphingomonas strains isolated from the floodwater of a Japanese paddy field is comparable to those of the clones obtained from other Japanese paddy fields. For more strict comparison of the diversity, this study examined g23 sequences between Novosphingobium and Sphingomonas phages and phage communities in the identical floodwater of a Japanese paddy field. The clones were obtained by applying g23 -specific primers to DNA extracted from the floodwaters. Many 23 clones in the floodwater were grouped into the same clusters of Paddy Groups I–VI with g23 genes of Novosphingobium / Sphingomonas phages with some clones belonging to an additional cluster. In addition, the remaining clones belonged to the clusters of marine clones and T4-type enterophages. These findings indicate that the g23 genes in the floodwater are more diversified than those of Novosphingobium / Sphingomonas phages including g23 genes closely related to the genes of enterophages and marine origins.