Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Inflammatory and Fibrotic Diseases.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be isolated from various tissues in the adult body. MSCs should be characterized by three criteria for regenerative medicine. MSCs must (1) adhere to plastic surfaces, (2) express specific surface antigens, and (3) differentiate into mesodermal lineages, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes, in vitro. Interestingly, MSCs have immunomodulatory features and secrete trophic factors and immune receptors that regulate the microenvironment in host tissue. These specific and unique therapeutic properties make MSCs ideal as therapeutic agents in vivo. Specifically, pre-clinical and clinical investigators generated inflammatory and fibrotic diseases models, and then transplantation of MSCs into diseases models for therapeutic effects investigation. In this review, we characterize MSCs from various tissues and describe their applications for treating various inflammation and fibrotic diseases.