Single-mode fibers for submarine cable systems

Long-wavelength single-mode optical fibers are showing great potential for application in long-haul, high bit rate submarine telecommunication systems where maximum repeater spacings will be demanded. This paper discusses the research and development which has led to an early practical cable trail in Loch Fyue, Scotland, and continues to assess the fiber designs and fabrication processes requited to optimize performance in the low-loss windows at 1.3 and 1.55μm.