Count What All Joy? The Translation of πειρασμός in James 1.2 and 12

This article argues that it is wrong to translate πeιρασμός with two different meanings, first as “trials” in James 1.2 and 12 and then as “temptations” in 1.13. Rather, πeιρασμός is best translated as “temptation” in each verse. The author first examines the genre of James, then looks at both the immediate context and the broader context of the epistle. He concludes that, since James focuses on temptation and sin throughout, the best translation for the term in 1.2 and 12 is “temptations.”