Long-term side effects of glucocorticoids.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Glucocorticoids represent the standard therapy for reducing inflammation and immune activation in various diseases. However, as with any potent medication, they are not without side effects. Glucocorticoid-associated side effects may involve most major organ systems. Musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, endocrine, neuropsychiatric, dermatologic, ocular, and immunologic side effects are all possible.Areas Covered: This article analyzes English-language literature and provides an update on the most recent literature regarding side effects of systemic glucocorticoid treatment.Expert Opinion: The risk/benefit ratio of glucocorticoid therapy can be improved by proper use. Careful monitoring and using appropriate preventive strategies can potentially minimize side effects.