Interaction of the Papillomavirus Transcription/Replication Factor, E2, and the Viral Capsid Protein, L2

Abstract The minor capsid protein L2 of papillomaviruses (PVs) likely plays a role in the selective encapsidation of PV DNA in viral capsids and in the infectivity of PV virions. The L2 protein also can cause the relocalization of the PV early protein, E2TA, to nuclear subdomains known as promyelocytic leukemia oncogenic domains (PODs) in which it is localized. E2TA is a transcriptional transactivator that also plays a critical role in viral DNA replication. In this study, we investigated whether L2, in causing the relocalization of E2TA, alters the activities of E2TA. We provide evidence that L2 inhibits the transcriptional transactivation function of E2, but it does not specifically inhibit the capacity of E2 to support viral DNA replication. We also investigated whether the colocalization of E2 and L2 to PODs and the ability of L2 to inhibit the transcriptional transactivation activity of E2TA might be mediated through a direct interaction between these two proteins. Using an in vitro protein–protein association assay, we found that L2 binds to E2TA. Two regions in E2TA were found to mediate this interaction. One of those domains is present in an alternative E2 gene product, E2TR, which is an antagonist to E2TA. Here we show that the L2 protein also relocalizes the E2 transcriptional repressor, E2TR, to the nuclear subdomains. These data suggest that the ability of L2 to relocalize E2 proteins to PODs is mediated through a direct interaction with L2.