Acute atherosis in vacuum suction biopsies of decidua basalis: An evidence based research definition

Abstract Background Acute atherosis (AA) of the uteroplacental spiral arteries has been characterised by subendothelial lipid-laden foam cells, perivascular leukocyte infiltrates (PVI) and fibrinoid necrosis. Because precise diagnostic criteria are not available for comparative research studies we developed and tested new simplified criteria based on 237 cases. Methods Decidual basalis samples were collected by vacuum suction at elective cesarean deliveries. Spiral arteries were evaluated in serial decidual tissue sections from women with normal pregnancy, preeclampsia, and diabetes. Features of AA were sought in parallel sections stained with H&E and immunostained for CD68, cytokeratin CK7 and desmin, and costained with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Results Foam cell lesions were defined as two or more adjacent, intramural, vacuolated CD68 positive cells, PVI as a focal perivascular lymphocyte accumulation, more dense than in the surrounding decidua. Increased fibrinoid (PAS positive) was identified if present in ≥75% of the arterial wall circumference. PVI and increased fibrinoid were significantly associated with preeclampsia but not specifically associated with the presence of foam cell lesions. Hence we diagnosed decidua basalis AA lesions solely by the presence of foam cell lesions, occurring in preeclampsia (37%), diabetes (10%) and healthy normotensive women (11%). The simplified criterion was reproducible by different investigators. Decidua basalis AA occurred most commonly and extensively in preeclampsia, but did not distinguish between preterm and term disease. Discussion Our evidence based criterion for decidua basalis AA diagnosis in vacuum suction biopsies may not apply to myometrial or decidua parietalis arteries. In decidual basalis samples it should facilitate comparisons between research studies, to improve pathophysiological understanding of AA and preeclampsia.