An improved Collagen Scaffold for Skeletal Regeneration

Bone repair and regeneration is one of the most extensively studied areas in the field of tissue engineering. All of the current tissue engineering approaches to create bone focus on intramembranous ossification, ignoring the other mechanism of bone formation, endochondral ossifica- tion. We propose to create a transient cartilage template in vitro, which could serve as an intermediate for bone forma- tion by the endochondral mechanism once implanted in vivo. The goals of the study are (1) to prepare and character- ize type I collagen sponges as a scaffold for the cartilage template, and (2) to establish a method of culturing chon- drocytes in type I collagen sponges and induce cell matura- tion. Collagen sponges were generated from a 1% solution of type I collagen using a freeze/dry technique followed by UV light crosslinking. Chondrocytes isolated from two loca- tions in chick embryo sterna were cultured in these sponges and treated with retinoic acid to induce chondrocyte matu- ration and extracellular matrix deposition. Material strength testing as well as microscopic and biochemical analyzes were conducted to evaluate the properties of sponges and cell behavior during the culture period. We found that our collagen sponges presented improved stiffness and sup- ported chondrocyte attachment and proliferation. Cells underwent maturation, depositing an abundant extracellu- lar matrix throughout the scaffold, expressing high levels of type X collagen, type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase. These results demonstrate that we have created a transient cartilage template with potential to direct endochondral bone formation after implantation. 2010 Wiley Periodi- cals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 94A: 371-379, 2010