A 220–320-GHz Vector-Sum Phase Shifter Using Single Gilbert-Cell Structure With Lossy Output Matching

This paper presents a wideband vector-sum phase shifter (VSPS) that operates over the entire WR-3 band (220–320 GHz). Compared to conventional VSPSs with double Gilbert cells, the proposed phase shifter employs a single Gilbert-cell structure for vector modulation. This reduces the output current combining ratio from 8:2 to 4:2, and boosts the impedance at the combining node, thus facilitating wideband output matching at upper millimeter-wave and terahertz bands. The simplified structure leads to a reduction in dc power consumption and chip area without sacrificing the 360 $^{\circ}$ phase-shifting property. Lossy matching is applied at the Gilbert-cell output to further increase bandwidth and stability at the expense of relatively high loss. The phase shifter is implemented using a 250-nm InP DHBT technology that provides $f _{ T}$ and $f _{\max}$ exceeding 370 and 650 GHz, respectively. The measurements exhibit a wideband phase shift with continuous 360 $^{\circ}$ coverage and average insertion loss ranging from 11.8 to 15.6 dB for the entire WR-3 band. The root mean square amplitude and phase error among different phase states are less than 1.2 dB and 10.2 $^{\circ}$ , respectively. The input-referred 1-dB compression is measured at ${\hbox{0.7 dBm}}$ on average. The dc power consumption is 21.8–42.0 mW at different phase states.