Liquid biopsy and prostate cancer. Current evidence applied to clinical practice.
2020
Abstract Context Despite being a validated source of biomarkers, liquid biopsy has not yet succeeded in becoming part of the standard clinical practice in prostate cancer patients. Few biomarkers undergo adequate validation, prospective and independent, of their predictive and/or prognostic value, which results in a lack of the different available tests in the clinical practice. Objective To carry out a pragmatic synthesis of current scientific evidence on liquid biopsy for prostate cancer patients. Evidence acquisition Non-systematic literature review, narrowing the search to papers on liquid biopsy from blood samples in prostate cancer patients. We mainly selected works evaluating clinical endpoints in prostate cancer. Evidence synthesis The most clinically advanced forms of liquid biopsy are circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). Both CTCs and ctDNA have demonstrated their prognostic value in metastatic disease. ARV7 determination is the first predictive biomarker of the disease. Its implementation into routine clinical practice requires methodological standardization and adequate clinical validation of the different available ways to detect it. The detection of CTCs in the early stages of the disease still depends on the optimization of the diagnostic methods and on the development of the biological characterization of these cells. The biological information provided by CTCs and ctDNA is different; therefore, the study of its adequate combination is the object of cutting-edge research. Conclusions The absence of protocols and methodological standards is the limiting factor when aiming to reach conclusions that could have a potential impact on clinical practice. Therefore, the real short-term challenge for liquid biopsy is the establishment of consensus and common criteria. Resumen Contexto A pesar de ser una demostrada fuente de biomarcadores, la biopsia liquida aun no ha conseguido dar el paso a la practica clinica habitual en pacientes con cancer de prostata. Pocos biomarcadores se someten a una adecuada validacion de su valor predictivo y/o pronostico, prospectiva e independiente,; y ello resulta en una falta de traslacion real a la clinica de los diferentes test disponibles. Objetivo Realizar una sintesis, clinicamente pragmatica, de la evidencia cientifica actual sobre la biopsia liquida sanguinea en cancer de prostata. Adquisicion de la evidencia revision no sistematica de la literatura acotando la busqueda a trabajos sobre biopsia liquida de origen sanguineo en cancer de prostata. Se seleccionan preferentemente aquellos trabajos en los cuales se estudian end-points clinicos aplicados al cancer de prostata. Sintesis de la evidencia Las formas de biopsia liquida mas avanzadas en terminos clinicos son las celulas tumorales circulantes (CTCs) y el ADN tumoral circulante (ctDNA). Tanto CTCs como ctDNA han demostrado su valor pronostico en enfermedad metastasica. La determinacion de ARV7 constituye el primer biomarcador predictivo de la enfermedad. Su traslacion a la practica clinica habitual pasa por la estandarizacion metodologica y la adecuada validacion clinica de las distintas formas de deteccion disponibles. La deteccion de CTCs en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad depende aun de la optimizacion de los metodos de deteccion y del desarrollo de la caracterizacion biologica de estas celulas. La informacion biologica aportada por CTCs y ctDNA es distinta; por ello, el estudio de su adecuada conjuncion es objeto de la investigacion mas actual. Conclusiones La ausencia de protocolos y estandares metodologicos es el factor limitante para llegar a conclusiones de impacto clinico. Por ello, el consenso y la unificacion de criterios constituyen el verdadero desafio a corto plazo para la biopsia liquida.
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