A Systematic review of the validity of screening depression through Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to identify the validity of using social media for depression screening. Method Article searches on PUBMED and PSYCINFO from database inception to August 20, 2019 were completed with a search string and filters. Results 15 articles made the inclusion criteria. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram profiles by depressed people were distinguishable from nondepressed people shown by social media markers. Facebook studies showed that having fewer Facebook friends and mutual friends, posting frequently, and using fewer location tags positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Also, Facebook posts with explicit expression of depressive symptoms, use of personal pronouns, and words related to pain, depressive symptoms, aggressive emotions, and rumination predicted depression. Twitter studies showed that the use of “past focus” words, negative emotions and anger words, and fewer words per Tweet positively correlated with depression. Finally, Instagram studies showed that differences in follower patterns, photo posting and editing, and linguistic features between depressed people and nondepressed people could serve as a marker. Limitations The primary articles analyzed had different methods, which constricts the amount of comparisons that can be made. Further, only four social media platforms were explored. Conclusion: Social media markers like number and content of Facebook messages, linguistic variability in tweets and tweet word count on Twitter, and number of followers, frequency of Instagram use and the content of messages on Instagram differed between depressed people and nondepressed people. Therefore, screening social media profiles on these platforms could be a valid way to detect depression.