The role of place attachment in recreation experience and outcome preferences among forest bathers

Abstract Forest bathing or forest therapy encompasses slow mindful walking and deep immersion in nature while utilizing all sensory systems, which can occur during multiple recreation activities. This study examined differences in demographic and visit characteristics, recreation experience preferences (i.e., experiential on-site benefits sought), and improved well-being outcome preferences (i.e., long-term off-site outcomes) based on forest bathers’ varying levels of place attachment. The study was framed by immersion in nature benefits-related theories and an Outcomes-Focused Management approach. Using a convenience sample and several forest bathing criteria, responses (N = 247) were voluntarily and anonymously collected with an exit survey of forest bathing participants at national, county, and metropolitan/municipal forests in South Korea from late July to mid-September in 2014. Cluster analysis segmented forest bathing participants into three place attachment groups (Low-Medium-High). Results revealed that forest bathers experiencing higher levels of place attachment were more likely to be non-local, repeat visitors who partake in water-based immersion and mindful forest walking activities. More highly attached forest bathing participants considered various on-site recreation benefits (e.g., social connection, nature enjoyment, physical and mental health) to be more important than less attached forest bathing participants. Also, more highly attached forest bathing participants rated preferences for various improved well-being outcomes, including psychophysiological, psychological, social, economic, and environmental factors significantly higher. Results suggest that forest bathing participation has a significant role in enhancing positive well-being benefits.