Mortalities of right whales and related anthropogenic factors in South African waters, 1963-1998

Between 1963 and 1998, 55 mortalities of southern right whales and a further three ‘possible right whale’ mortalities were recorded on theSouth African coastline. Of the known right whale mortalities, 31 could be classified as ‘calves of the year’, 8 as juveniles and 14 as adults.Relatively few (6.5-16.1%) of the calf mortalities could be attributed to anthropogenic factors, compared to juveniles (25-50%) and adults(35.7-57.1%). Apparent causes of death included ship strikes (4 definite, 7 possible) and entanglement (4 definite, 1 possible), with oneharpooning incident. Five non-fatal ship strikes and 16 instances of non-fatal entanglement were also recorded. Whilst the gear mostcommonly involved in non-fatal entanglement was crayfish trap lines, three of the four entanglement fatalities involved longline gear. Theincidence of scars attributable to previous entanglement remained constant amongst mature females from 1979-1997, at 3-4%. Recordedmortalities increased over the period 1963-1997 at a rate no different from that of population growth over the same period. The current levelof anthropogenic mortality does not seem to be affecting population recovery.