Non-optical Expansion of Field-of-view of the Rigid Endoscope

Endoscopes are widely used in minimally invasive surgery. Compared with other imaging modalities, the endoscope has an advantage in providing real-time texture information of the surface of the organs, but a disadvantage in its narrow field-of-view (FOV). The viewing angle of the endoscope, normally around 90 degrees, cannot cover the entire surgical field. Frequent moving of the endoscope may result in missing anatomical landmarks and consuming operation time.