High speed optical interconnects with PAM4 modulation for short-reach applications

Utilizing the advantages of less bandwidth requirement and chromatic dispersion penalty, PAM4 modulation has been discussed for Ethernet optical transceiver as well as passive optical network, including the low-cost 100GE 2km, 400GE 2km/10km/40km solutions and high-speed 25Gbps/40Gbps PON. Meanwhile, the system performance has also been evaluated experimentally.