Morphine treatment for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: huge dosing variability underscores the need for a better clinical study design.

INTRODUCTION:At present, morphine is the most commonly used first-line therapy to treat Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). Unfortunately, there is still lack of evidence and consensus to guide pharmacologic therapy for NAS. In this review, we provide an overview on dosing regimens of morphine currently reported to treat NAS, with the aim to stimulate discussion on the need for a standardized dosing through better study design. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION:A search strategy was performed in PubMed to identify studies that provide a dosing regimen used, or advised by a review or guideline for morphine to treat NAS. In addition, dosing regimens from labels and formularies were collected. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS:On 138 articles identified, 33 were retained after reading the full-text. In addition, 10 articles were included based on reference check. Extensive variability was observed for dosing advice, threshold in the initiating phase, dosing advice and maximum dose in the escalating phase. The same applies for dosing advice and detail during weaning, dosing interval and stabilization phase. CONCLUSIONS:This review shows a large variability in dosing regimens of morphine used to treat NAS. This is likely a reflection of the heterogeneous populations included in NAS studies, the lack of standardization in assessment tools and study outcomes. We suggest that the development and validation of a core outcome set, subsequently applied in pragmatic point-of-care clinical trials or specific subgroups (e.g. iatrogenic postnatal NAS) are useful approaches to improve the current setting.