Genesis of Cryogenian Datangpo manganese deposit: Hydrothermal influence and episodic post-glacial ventilation of Nanhua Basin, South China

Abstract The Neoproterozoic Datangpo Formation of the Nanhua Basin in South China records interglacial sedimentation between the ~ 720–660-Ma Sturtian and ~ 654–635-Ma Marinoan glaciations. The lower part (1st Member) of this formation contains manganese-rich deposits that represent a mixture of two main components, Mn-carbonates and Mn-bearing aluminosilicates (clay minerals). The Mn-carbonate component is characterized by high La/Sc ratios, high initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, and low initial eNd(t) values, and the siliciclastic component by low La/Sc ratios, low initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, and high initial eNd(t) values. The likely source of the non-radiogenic siliciclastic material is weathering of Neoproterozoic continental flood basalts on the Yangtze Block. Discriminant plots show that the Mn-ore samples have compositions consistent with at least partial derivation from hydrothermal sources. Mn-carbonate deposition was the result of reactions between aqueous Mn and sedimentary organic matter during early diagenesis that led to elevated Mn 2 + concentrations and alkalinity in sediment porewaters. Based on these observations, we propose a new metallogenic model for the Datangpo Formation manganese deposits. During the Sturtian glaciation, the anoxic Nanhua Basin accumulated abundant dissolved Mn, a substantial fraction of which was derived from hydrothermal sources. When glaciation ended and a redox-stratified water column developed in the basin with an oxic surface layer and an anoxic deep layer, the accumulated dissolved Mn precipitated as Mn-oxides on the basin floor during episodic ventilation events. After co-burial with organic-rich sediments, these Mn-oxides were reduced during organic matter oxidation, which led to the formation of secondary Mn-carbonates (rhodochrosite) through increases in sediment porewater Mn 2 + and in alkalinity via microbial sulfate reduction and microbially mediated Mn reduction.