A argumentação em aulas de ciências do ensino fundamental: a persuasão na construção do discurso científico na escola

The natural sciences teaching in the early years of Elementary School provides itself as investigative context of this research by proposing as main objective to understand how the construction of Persuasive Arguments in the Scientific discourse produced in the science classes occur in two classes of the 5th grade in Elementary School. Letting the interest about the construction of scientific knowledge in school go, we understand that the knowledge of science suffers adaptations when related in the classroom and the argumentation is presented as an indispensable practice to the sense production process and promotion of student's engagement in the own scientific discourse of the scholar science's social language, making the development of cognitive and operational abilities possible that favor thinking, speaking and acting coherently in other social spheres through the perspective of scientific knowledge. In this purpose, we developed a case study in a qualitative approach and we analyzed the argumentative discourse established in the science classes of two classes of the 5th grade in Elementary School under responsibility of the same teacher, focusing on the enunciative interactions produced in the classroom according to the premise supported by Goulart which says that Enunciate is Argue. We assumed the Bakhtinian perspective of enunciation through its dimension of communication, interaction and social manifestation and we comprehend the argumentation in the realization of the intellectual meeting between the interlocutors by the Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca definition, recognizing the persuasion in the constitution of the argumentative discourse materialized in the classroom by the agreement between the knowledge presented through a sensible and subjective conduction of thought, seeking the conquest of a private auditorium. In constructing our empirical corpus, three classes in class A and four classes in class B were observed, videotaped, transcribed and analysed. From the theoretical conception constructed, we have identified the existence of argumentation in the science classes, characterizing it through the persuasion bias, and later we highlight enunciative shifts in the argumentative discourse's conduction developed from 12 discursive strategies that promote the discourse's argumentativeness in the classroom, emerging in the classification of 3 categories of analysis: Didactic Strategies Proposition; Scientific Language Translation; Teacher's Authority Expression. We verified the occurrence of the argumentation through persuasion accomplished intentionally by the teacher to ensure students' acceptance of certain ideas and propositions in line with the intentions transmitted by the school scientific discourse, because there is in these moments, a discursive conduction in a sensitive intuition linked to the emotional appeal, including the science teaching as a sense production process in the construction of school scientific knowledge. We defend the thesis that the development of an argumentative speech guided by persuasion favors the construction of scientific knowledge in the science classes of the 5th grade in Elementary School.