Embryotoxic effects of tribromophenol on early post-implantation development of mouse embryos in vitro.

2,4,6-Tribromophenol (TBP, CAS No. 118-79-6), the most widely produced brominated phenol, is frequently detected in environmental components. The detection of TBP in human bodies has earned great concerns about its adverse effects on human beings, especially for early embryonic development. Here, we optimized the mouse embryo in vitro culture (IVC) system for early post-implantation embryos and employed it to determine the embryotoxicity of TBP. With this new research model, we revealed the dose-dependent toxic effects of TBP on mouse embryos from peri-implantation to egg cylinder stages. Furthermore, TBP exposure inhibited the differentiation and survival of epiblast (EPI) cells and extraembryonic endoderm (ExEn) cells, while those of extraembryonic ectoderm (ExEc) cells were not influenced. These results implied that TBP might inhibit embryonic development by influencing the generation of three primary germ layers and fetal membranes (the amnion, chorionic disk, umbilical cord, and yolk sac). In summary, we showed a proof of concept for applying mouse embryo IVC system as a novel research model for studying mammalian embryonic toxicology of environmental pollutants. This study also demonstrated the toxicity of TBP on early embryonic development of mammals.