Update article The d2 glutamate receptor: 10 years later

The orphan glutamate receptor d2 (GluRd2) is predominantly expressed in Purkinje cells and plays a crucial role in cerebellar functions: mice that lack the GluRd2 gene display ataxia and impaired synaptic plasticity. However, when expressed alone or with other glutamate receptors, GluRd2 does not form functional glutamate-gated ion channels nor does it bind to glutamate analogs. Therefore, the mechanisms by which GluRd2 participates in cerebellar functions have been elusive. Studies of mutant mice such as lurcher , hotfoot , and GluRd2 knockout mice have provided clues to the structure and function of GluRd2. GluRd2 has a channel pore similar to that of other glutamate receptors; the channel is functional at least when the lurcher mutation is present. GluRd2 must be transported to the Purkinje cell surface to function; the absence of surface GluRd2 causes the ataxic phenotype of hotfoot mice. In GluRd2-null mice, the presence of naked spines not innervated by parallel fibers may influence the sustained innervation of mutant Purkinje cells by multiple climbing fibers. From these results, several hypotheses about mechanisms by which GluRd2 functions are proposed in this article. Further characterization of GluRd2’s functions will provide key insights into normal and abnormal cerebellar functions. # 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.