Technological paradigm-based construction and demolition waste supply chain optimization with carbon policy

Abstract The shortage of landfill space and the environmental pollution from urbanization and industrialization have led to an increase in the recycling and reuse of construction and demolition waste (CDW). Based on the technological paradigm, this paper proposes a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) that integrates forward and reverse logistics and has multiple centers that regulate end-of-life CDW recycling and promote new product remanufacturing. Carbon price (CP) and carbon trading (CT) policies are then innovatively applied to manage the proposed supply chain, incentivize technological CDW disposal improvements, encourage policy adherence, and ensure that the economic and environmental benefits are built into the proposed CLSC. A mixed integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP) is developed to optimize the proposed CLSC by minimizing the total costs under the two carbon policies, and a real case study from China is given. Scenario analyses under the two carbon polices and practical policy suggestions are given, and comprehensive conclusions are provided in the conclusions. It was found that with the adjustment of recycling ratio, the proposed CDW CLSC was able to minimize total costs and overall carbon emissions. Moreover, the CP policy could improve the CDW recycling ratio from 19.4% to 85.3% and reduced carbon emissions by 6393 tonnes, and the CT policy should be an incentive policy to further encourage a higher recycling ratio and lower carbon emissions.