Near-cognate initiation generates FMRpolyG from CGG repeats in Fragile X associated Tremor Ataxia Syndrome

Repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation of FMR1 5' UTR CGG repeats produces toxic homo-polymeric proteins that accumulate within ubiquitinated inclusions in Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) patient brains and model systems. The most abundant RAN product, FMRpolyG, initiates predominantly at an ACG codon located just 5' to the repeat. Methods to accurately measure FMRpolyG in FXTAS patients are lacking. Here we used data dependent acquisition (DDA) and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope labeled standard peptides (SIS) to identify potential signature FMRpolyG fragments in patient cells and tissues. Following immunoprecipitation (IP) enrichment, we detected FMRpolyG signature peptides by PRM in transfected cells, FXTAS human samples and patient derived stem cells, but not in controls. Surprisingly, we identified two amino-terminal peptides: one beginning with methionine (Ac-MEAPLPGGVR) initiating at an ACG, and a second beginning with threonine (Ac-TEAPLPGGVR), initiating at a GUG. Abundance of the threonine peptide was enhanced relative to the methionine peptide upon activation of the integrated stress response. In addition, loss of the eIF2 alternative factor, eIF2A, or enhanced expression of initiation factor eIF1, preferentially suppressed GUG initiated FMRpolyG synthesis. These data demonstrate that FMRpolyG is quantifiable in human samples and that RAN translation on FMR1 initiates at specific near cognate codons dependent on available initiation factors and cellular environment.