Tracing patterns of activity in the human skeleton: an overview of methods, problems, and limits of interpretation.

Abstract Studies of patterns of activity in human skeletal remains have grown in number over the last few years. Different methods have been used to reconstruct activity patterns in past populations. In this review of the available literature the common themes of these studies have been isolated in order to show that many studies do not truly conform to the standards of the field. Inadequate sample size, too far-reaching conclusions and neglect of other possible explanations are among the problems easily recognised in the literature. Many assumptions are lacking a sound experimental basis, and it becomes increasingly evident that there are many more problems and limits of interpretations than have been usually acknowledged in the recent past. It also appears that many results, which have been interpreted in terms of sexual division of labour may, in fact, be expressions of the intrinsic sexual dimorphism of Homo sapiens and not culture- or population-specific peculiarities. Acknowledging the results of many studies from the field of sports medicine it appears doubtful that adult patterns of activity can truly be isolated from those which stem from the formative years of the human skeleton during the subadult growth period. A more cautious approach to the interpretation of data and a return to more basic research are needed to adequately address all the possibly confounding issues when trying to reconstruct patterns of activity from archaeological skeletal remains.