Sensing of ultraviolet light: a transition from conventional to self-powered photodetector

Clouds in the sky pass almost 80% of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to the earth's surface, which has a significant impact on humankind. Conventional UV photodetectors (PDs) require an external battery, which not only increases the device size but also has a limited life span and maintenance costs can be prohibitively expensive. An alternative and more technically-sound solution would be the use of self-powered UV PDs that can operate independently, eliminating the need for an external source. Although many exciting studies have been done and state-of-the-art research is underway to successfully fabricate self-powered UV PDs, periodic reviews on this topic are deemed essential so that the technology's readiness can be properly evaluated and critical challenges can be addressed in a timely manner. In this article, the key issues and most exciting developments made in recent years on built-in electric field assisted self-powered UV PDs based on p–n homojunctions, p–n heterojunctions, and Schottky junctions followed by energy harvester integrated UV PDs are extensively reviewed. Finally, a summary and comparison of different types of self-powered UV PDs as well as future challenges that need to be addressed are discussed. This review sets a foundation providing essential insights into the present status of self-powered UV PDs with which researchers can engage and deal with the major challenges.