Improving management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) account for 5-10% of urothelial carcinoma but is a challenging disease to manage. This is due to difficulties with diagnosis, radiological uncertainty, problems with interpretation of often tiny ureteroscopic biopsy with doubt about accuracy of grade and stage of the disease. Biopsies can lead to false negative results, errors in grading and staging of the disease and concern regarding seeding to the bladder.