Excavations at Klipfonteinrand Reveal Local and Regional Patterns of Adaptation and Interaction Through MIS 2 in Southern Africa

Research interest in patterns of cultural transmission in the southern African Palaeolithic is complicated by poor resolution of site occupation, technological behaviour, and underlying environmental conditions. Here, we describe the Pleistocene Later Stone Age sequence from Klipfonteinrand rock shelter, dating 22.3–13.4 ka, in light of local and regional data. Analysis of chronology, stratigraphy, wood charcoal, fauna, and lithics suggest an early termination for the Robberg technocomplex, with a locally adaptive response to declining humidity emerging by ~ 16 ka. Subsequent Oakhurst-aligned systems are in place by ~ 14.4 ka, associated with diminished intensity of site use and drier conditions. Technological responses in the post-Robberg interval appear to differ between sites in coastal and interior areas, despite evidence for interaction between the two in this period. The results suggest a complex mix of local adaptation and inter-regional transmission through MIS 2.