Comparision Between Sonodynamic Effects with Protoporphyrin IX and Hematoporphyrin on the Cytoskeleton of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells

Abstract Purpose: Our previous work demonstrated that the enhancement of cytotoxicity by protoporphyrin IX (Pp) was significantly higher than hematoporphyrin (Hp), when they were compared at the same ultrasound-exposure conditions, since the cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in numerous cell functions and the effect of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) on cytoskeleton has not been reported yet. So, it is very important to investigate whether SDT has some influence on the cytoskeleton, and it would also be interesting to compare Pp-/ and Hp-mediated SDT on the cytoskeleton. Methods: Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were exposed to ultrasound for up to 15 seconds (1.34 MHz, 1 w/cm2) in the presence of 20 μM of Pp or 20 μM of Hp. Cell viability was determined by the trypan blue exclusion test. Morphologic changes were observed under a scanning electron microscope. Cytoskeleton damages were shown by immunofluorescence staining of microtubules, actin microfilaments, and intermediate filaments of vimentin. Results...