Effects of σ factor competition are promoter initiation kinetics dependent

Abstract In Escherichia coli , the expression of a σ factor is expected to indirectly down-regulate the expression of genes recognized by another σ factor, due to σ factor competition for a limited pool of RNA polymerase core enzymes. Evidence suggests that the sensitivity of genes to indirect down-regulation differs widely. We studied the variability in this sensitivity in promoters primarily recognized by RNAP holoenzymes carrying σ 70 . From qPCR and live single-cell, single-RNA measurements of the transcription kinetics of several σ 70 -dependent promoters in various conditions and from the analysis of σ factors population-dependent models of transcription initiation, we find that, the smaller is the time-scale of the closed complex formation relative to the open complex formation, the weaker is a promoter's responsiveness to changes in σ 38 numbers. We conclude that, in E. coli , a promoter's responsiveness to indirect regulation by σ factor competition is determined by the sequence-dependent kinetics of the rate limiting steps of transcription initiation.