Operative choledochoscopy: Results of a prospective study in several institutions☆

A prospective study from six surgical units utilizing choledochoscopy in conjunction with primary choledocholithotomy and cholangiography resulted in an incidence of less than 2 per cent unsuspected residual biliary calculi. Total reliance on choledochoscopy without associated operative cholangiography is not justified and fraught with error. When there are no calculi in the common duct, the choledochoscope allows the surgeon to shorten exploration time with confidence that the postexploratory cholangiogram will confirm his negative findings. The choledochoscope is of additional value in the extraction of calculi. Certain considerations in the management of biliary tract tumors also can be helped by the addition of choledochoscopy. The simultaneous presence of calculous disease and biliary tract neoplasm can coexist can be brought to light by the use of the choledochoscope. The incorporation of choledochoscopy, using a rigid Berci-Shore choledochoscope, as part of routine common duct exploration, appears to be warranted.