Occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupters in wastewater treatment plants for small communities

The current study examined the fate of endocrine disrupting compounds in three small communities' wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), including stabilization ponds, trickling filters and activated sludge. The results showed that WWTP of small communities were affected by estrogenic and dioxin-like compound contamination ranging from 1.6 to 50 ng.L-1 estradiol equivalents and 5.3 to 73 ng.L-1 dioxin equivalents. The stabilization pond system seemed to be the most effective for estrogenicity removal, with 96% efficiency, compared to 51% for a trickling filter alone. Total removal of estrogenic compounds was increased when a stabilization pond system was used as a finishing treatment or when an additional physical treatment was conducted. Activated sludge treatment removed 75% of dioxin-like activity. Additional physical treatment had no impact on dioxin-like compound removal. Although the large contact area with air in maturation ponds represents a risk for air contamination of the water, maturation ponds s...