Стакан наполовину полон : Диагностика взаимосвязи уровня благосостояния с условиями водоснабжения, санитарии

This report presents a diagnostic of WASH conditions in Tajikistan and documents the characteristics, realities, and priorities of the country’s WASH-deprived population, using a combination of qualitative and quantitative data sources. Tajikistan, a landlocked country located on the western tip of the Himalayas, is among the poorest nations in Central Asia. While monetary poverty has fallen fairly rapidly in the past 15 years, with the poverty headcount declining from 72 to 49 percent (2003−09) and then from 37 to 31 percent of the population (2012−15), poverty remains high by global standards. Some 2.6 million of the country’s 8.6 million residents live under the national poverty line. Poverty is also unequally distributed, with poverty most severe in remote and mountainous settlements, and with 76 percent of the poor living in rural areas. Multidimensional poverty (which accounts for demographics, labor, education, and access to services), at 64 percent, is much higher than monetary poverty. The country is heavily dependent on remittances and two-thirds of the working population is employed in low-productivity agriculture. Poverty varies greatly across and within regions, with deep pockets of poverty in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO), Khatlon, and the Districts of Republican Subordination (DRS). Access to improved drinking water sources, and to sanitation connected to a functioning sewerage system, are among the most severely limited and unequally distributed services in the country. Tajikistan has abundant fresh water resources, with lakes containing 20 km of water resources, and glaciers holding an additional 845 km3. However, outside the capital of Dushanbe, the availability and quality of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services remain poor. Much of the existing drinking water and sewerage infrastructure was built before the 1980s and has not been updated since the fall of the Soviet Union. It is either in poor condition or absent, especially in rural areas and small towns. The report also draws on preexisting data sources that include information on WASH conditions in Tajikistan (the 2015 Household Budget Survey, the 2010 Population and Housing Census, and the 2009 Tajikistan Living Standards Survey, as well as the 2000 and 2005 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey and the 2012 Demographic and Health Survey), and a monthly phone survey, Listening to Tajikistan. The primary qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and mini case studies in 15 research sites covering regional (oblast) centers, district (raion) centers, and rural villages. The qualitative data illustrate consumer experiences across contrasting research sites; capture hard-to-measure impacts; and provide information on institutional constraints for service delivery. The report also draws on information from case studies of eight water and sanitation schemes that experimented with various WASH service delivery models across Tajikistan. The case studies were supplemented with a desk review of broader institutional issues in WASH service delivery.