Effects of vitamin D on neonatal sepsis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health concern of pregnant women and neonates worldwide, affecting more than half of neonates. Studies report inconsistent and inconclusive effects of vitamin D treatment on neonatal sepsis. This study aimed to provide conclusive evidence regarding the effect of maternal and cord blood vitamin D levels on neonatal sepsis. Data were retrieved from the electronic database (Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL [EBSCOhost], ProQuest, EMBASE [Ovid], PubMed, Emcare, MEDLINE [Ovid], and gray literature sources [World cat, Mednar, Google scholar and Google]). Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool was utilized for quality assessment while analysis was performed using Open Meta-analyst, Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3.3.070, and Review Manager version 5.3 software. From the 18 studies included in the study, the overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among neonates was 61% (95% CI: 44.3, 77.7); 79.4% (95% CI: 71.6, 87.3) of neonates with sepsis were vitamin D deficient as were 43.7% (23.4, 63.9) of sepsis-free neonates. Neonates born from mothers with low vitamin D levels were at greater risk of developing neonatal sepsis with a weighed mean difference of -8.57 ng/ml (95% CI: -13.09, -4.05). Similarly, neonates with low cord vitamin D levels were at risk for neonatal sepsis with a mean difference of -8.78 ng/ml (95% CI:-11.58, -5.99). The incidence of EONS in full-term newborns was significantly associated with low maternal and cord blood vitamin D levels with weighed mean differences of -11.55ng/ml (95% CI: -17.63, -5.46) & -11.59 ng/ml (95% CI:-16.65, -6.53), respectively. Low levels of vitamin D both in the cord blood and maternal blood were significantly associated with neonatal sepsis. Hence, vitamin D supplementation for pregnant women and newborns could decrease neonatal sepsis.