Controlling the selective synthesis of [2]- and [3]rotaxanes by intermolecular steric hindrance between the macrocyclic hosts

Two hydrogen-bonded azo-macrocycles with little disparity of the side chains in steric hindrance exhibited a substantial difference in complexation (slow/fast exchange) towards bipyridinium. Inspired by this finding, these macrocycles were applied to efficiently and selectively construct [2]- and [3]rotaxanes through one-pot synthesis. The origin of the selectivity in this novel approach was elucidated by comparing single crystal structures, DFT calculations and stepwise synthesis.