DENSE SUSPENSIONS FORMULATIONS FOR UPGRADING PROCESSES IN HEAVY AND EXTRA HEAVY CRUDE OIL
2011
The present work involved the formulation of solid-liquid suspensions of by-products of heavy and extra
heavy crude oil process upgrades, coke and asphaltenes from Delayed coking and Deasphalting processes.
This was done by controlling rheological properties and following specifications for pipeline transmission,
similar to those of liquid hydrocarbons. The formulated products guarantee the possibility of moving the by
products in a fluidized way, minimizing storage, handling, environmental and operational costs in transportation,
and providing an attractive alternative as non conventional fuel.
Regarding the formulation of suspensions, it was necessary to establish the effect of formation components such
as: surfactants, stabilizers, as well as the type, amount of solids and particle size ratio on the flow properties of
the resulting product.
The parameters analyzed for rheological properties of pipeline transport were viscosity, particle size distribution,
static and dynamic stability.
Laboratory tests were performed in high precision rheometers -TA Instruments RX1500 and Haake RS600- and
Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer. At pilot scale, we used a closed loop to verify flow parameters, including
normal and critical transport scenarios: Sudden shutdowns and extended ones of up to 72 hours, with subsequent
pumping re-starts.
Tests performed at the lab and the pilot plant showed better rheological properties in the formulations with bimodal
particle size distribution. This allowed higher loads of solid, up to 52%, and an improved mobility, reflected as
lower viscosity. A non-Newtonian rheological behavior became evident, characterized by yield stress to ensure
pumpability after prolonged inactivity. The pressure drops and calculation of apparent viscosity obtained in the
pilot plant were compared and verified with lab results, showing reproducibility.
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